despite years of debate over 是什么意思？ debate on和debate over
mastery over是什么意思
掌握
例句：
1、Mr.Hang has unique mastery over charcoal drawings, oil painting, pastels, watercolors!
黄先生在炭条素描，油画，粉彩和水彩上都有独特造诣！
2、You will use your intelligence to have mastery over the creatures of the world.
你将会使用你的智力有在世界的人上征服。
3、Mesopotamia was probably the first region of the world where humans gained mastery over major rivers.
美索不达米亚地区可能是世界上人类最早征服主干河流的地区。
4、Science offers us total mastery over our environment and over our destiny.
科学能使我们完全主宰周围的环境与自身的命运。
5、When we recognise the law in nature we extend our mastery over physical forces and become powerful.
当我们对自然法则有所认识时，我们扩大了支配物理作用力，变得强大了.
handover 的具体意思
hand over
英 [hænd ˈəuvə] 美 [hænd ˈovɚ]
交出； 交付； 交给；让与
1.You must hand over your passport before you leave.
离境前必须交回护照。
2. He has resigned and will hand over charge of his office today.
他已辞职，将在今日办移交手续。
3. Don't let your feeling gain the upper hand over you.
不要感情用事。
4. He put his hand over the mouthpiece and called his wife to the phone.
他用手捂住话筒，叫妻子来接电话。
5. Yuan Shikai forced the emperor to abdicate and hand over power to him. 袁世凯逼迫皇帝逊位，把政权交给他。
handover
英 [ˈhændəʊvə(r)] 美 [ˈhændoʊvər]
n. 移交交接
换手； 移交； 工作交接； 交接
复数：handovers
1.Shortly after the handover, the legitimacy of the Provisional Legislature was challenged.
政权交接后不久，临时立法会的合法地位立即受到挑战。
2. Realizing the seamless handover is the key technology to support mobile network.
实现链路的无缝切换是支持移动网络的关键技术。
3. Beijing was a gracious host and deserves some praise at the handover. 北京是一个出色的主人，她值得我们的赞誉！
4. Immediately after the handover, the legitimacy of the Provisional Legislature was challenged.
政权交接之后，临时立法会的合法地位立即受到挑战。
5. The handover ceremony was also attended by the members of the delegation.
出席交接仪式的还有观礼团成员。
argumentation怎么写
Argumentation
Argumentation, or argumentation theory, is the interdisciplinary study of how humans should, can, and do reach conclusions through logical reasoning, that is, claims based, soundly or not, on premises. It includes the arts and sciences of civil debate, dialogue, conversation, and persuasion. It studies rules of inference, logic, and procedural rules in both artificial and real world settings.
Argumentation includes debate and negotiation which are concerned with reaching mutually acceptable conclusions. It also encompasses eristic dialog, the branch of social debate in which victory over an opponent is the primary goal. This art and science is often the means by which people protect their beliefs or self-interests in rational dialogue, in common parlance, and during the process of arguing.
开头段的写法
第一句：背景句（最多2句）【要有个性】
第二句：主题句（题目同义替换）【可以套用模板】
第三句：观点句
主题句的写法：
some people / other people
→proponents/opponents
→those in favour of.../opponents of ...
→advocates/adversaries
→supporters/critics
Specific:
→technophiles/technophobes
→vivisectionists/antivivisectionists
→animal rights activists animal rights extremists
→environmentalists
→parents and educators
Think, believe
→suggest, claim, assert
→insist, hold, maintain, argue, contend
→raise the doubt whether…
→be concerned that…
→worry that…
*当观点明显偏向负面的话，不用说正
*当背景句已经说了正面，那么主题句中不用再交代正面
动词形式向名词形式转换
e.g.: some/other people believe…→There is a belief that…
1. There is a perception that… , while a counterargument is that…
2. There is much controversy/a heated debate over whether…
3. It is/has been a controversial/contentious issue/an issue of controversy/debate in our society whether…
4. It has sparked/stirred/aroused much controversy/a heated debate in our society whether…
*以上用于引出反方观点
5. There is some concern about…/over whether… *比较温柔
背景句的写法：
1. 交代主题句产生的原因【常用】
2. 人们熟知的社会现象【常用】
3. 引用名人事例
4. 交代事物的另一方面【常用】
5. 下定义【常用】
6. 引出一方观点
例1：Some people who have been successful in society don’t attribute their success to the theoretical knowledge they learned from their university. Do you agree or disagree?
可用名人例：Bill Gates, Michael Dell, Steve Jobs, Mark Zuckerberg
例2：Advertising is discouraging people from being different individuals and makes people to be or seem to be the same.
Penetrate, infiltrate, facilitate, play an indispensible role in our society
一些有用的替换：
Today, Nowadays
→In recent years
→At present
→Currently
→In modern society
→In contemporary society
There are more and more…
→There is an increasing number/amount of …
→The number/amount of … is increasing/has increased.
→There is/has been an (…) increase in the number/amount of …
【使用There be句型的时候要注意不要出现两个谓语】
… is becoming more and more popular.
→… is becoming increasingly popular.
→… is gaining (worldwide) popularity.
→The popularity of … is growing/increasing.
请教！翻译加理解The debate over the pros and cons of
{The debate（s?）}=主语 [over the pros and cons of intentions like the car]=[修饰debate的定语] are（are是整个句子的系词，当谓语） representative of the type of questions raised (concerning advancements in break-through technologies) （修饰questions的定语）(that affect modern societies)(定语从句，修饰technologies).。
整个句子的主干是主系表结构：the debate(s) are representative of the type of questions raised.
意思是： 关于汽车使用优缺点一类的辩论代表了关于对现代社会有影响的突破性技术的进展相关的一类问题。
主干是： 辩论代表了被提出的一类问题。