6. With the economic crisis hand, and the
翻译下面这段话
回答和翻译如下：
In return for keep and what the host family does, an "au pair" girl is expected to help her hostess with household duties on a partnership basis, and to do her share of any kind of housework which the hostess herself does. Where however the hostess employs other help for heavier housework, she should expect the "au pair" girl only to help with such jobs as bed making, washing up, tidying and dusting, baby-sitting, taking children to and from school and looking after them in the house; she should not in that case be asked to do heavy housework.
The "au pair" guest will normally expect a bedroom to herself. She should be treated as a daughter of the house, taking her meals with the family and sharing their amusements. Under a proper "au pair" arrangement the relationship between the hostess and the girl involves acceptance of social equality and is not founded on a mistress-servant basis.
作为寄宿家庭的回报，寄宿家庭的女主人需要帮助女主人分担家务，并分担女主人所做的家务。然而女主人雇用其他的帮助更重的家务，她应该想到“互惠”的女孩只帮助为床，这样的工作，洗碗，整理、打扫、保姆，带孩子上学和照顾他们的房子；她不应该在这种情况下，被要求做繁重的家务。
“互惠”的客人通常会想到一间自己的卧室。她应该被当作家庭的女儿，和家人一起吃饭，分享他们的娱乐。在适当的“互惠”安排下，女主人与女孩之间的关系包括接受社会平等，而不是建立在女主人的基础上。
求和“经济危机下我国对外贸易存在的问题及对策”有关的英文文章
Part 1: the impact of the global financial crisis on China.
The severe financial crisis has spread from developed countries to developing countries, from financial sector to the real economy. China has been deeply involved in economic globalization. Therefore, the spreading crisis has caused considerable impact on China with following indications:
Due to dramatically declining demand on international markets, China’s foreign trade has fallen by a large margin, with trade volume declining for 7 months since November, 2008. From January to May this year, total foreign trade saw a year-on-year drop by 25%.
As one of the big economies highly dependent on export, China’s export in 2007 was equivalent to 37% of GDP, which was 2.3 times that of Japan, and 2.7 times of India. The shrinking foreign trade resulted in continuous drop of economic growth rate. In 2008, economic growth rate dropped from 10.6% in the 1st quarter, to 6.8% in the 4th quarter. In the 1st quarter of 2009, the growth rate even dropped to 6.1%, which was the lowest ever since the establishment of quarterly GDP accounting system in 1992. This has lead to difficulties in many enterprises and mounting pressure on employment. Some experts estimate that there is a reduction of more than 10 million jobs for rural migrant workers and 6 million college graduates this year are facing a tough time on job market.
China’s economy has been hit by the financial crisis. However, we should not put all the blame on the worsening external environment. There are some institutional and structural problems inhibiting sound economic growth. The inhibiting factors include insufficient consumption demand; widening regional disparities and income gap, with income gap between urban and rural areas standing at 3.3 to 1 in 2008; weak capacity in innovation in some enterprises; high dependency on investment; high consumption of energy and resources, as well as heavy pollution in the process of industrialization and urbanization, etc. For instance, coal accounts for 70% in China’s energy consumption mix. China emitted 23 million tons of sulfur dioxide in 2008, which was the world’s highest. When external circumstances were favorable, these problems were not so pronounced but when a large scale crisis hits, the problems manifest themselves more obviously.
Part II: active measures taken by China and its current economic situation.
When the financial and economic crisis began to sweep the world, China, as a responsible country, adjusted macroeconomic policies immediately. The government has made ensuring steady and fast economic growth as the top priority. We have enhanced and improved macroeconomic regulatory and control by emphasizing the expansion of domestic demand, particularly, the consumer demand. We have also given priorities to the shift of growth pattern, strategic restructuring of economy, and improving people’s livelihood so as to achieve harmony in society. We have made resolute efforts in enforcing proactive fiscal policy and moderately easy monetary policy. By formulating and rolling out a series of relevant measures, we have launched a whole package of policies.
The major 6 contents are as follows:
First, substantially enhance government spending, and encourage the financial sector to give more support to businesses hit by the crisis.
Chinese government launched an additional two-year investment plan totaled 590 billion US dollars, the size of which was equivalent to 13% of GDP in 2008. The investment would be channeled to programs for improving living condition of rural people, programs for housing, infrastructure construction of railway and water facilities, programs of social undertakings, environmental protection, and reconstruction in earthquake-hit areas. To cover the gap of government revenues and expenditures, we have set this year’s budget deficit at 140 billion US dollars, equivalent to 3% of GDP. Meanwhile, to strengthen financial support for economic growth, we lowered the required reserve ratio and benchmark interest rates for four times. For enterprises, particularly Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises, which have met with temporary difficulties but enjoy good credit records and market prospects, we encourage financial institutions to give them more credit and guarantee support, providing that financial risks are properly controlled. From January to April this year, newly increased loans extended by financial institutions amounted to 760 billion US dollars, 8% higher than all the increased loans of last year. Nearly 50% of new loans came to the SMEs, thus providing strong impetus to economic growth. Moreover, we have adopted tax deduction, tax rebate or tax credit to reduce burdens of enterprises and residents.
Secondly, boost domestic demand with particular emphasis on consumer demand.
We put great emphasis on improving the consumption capacity of residents especially that of the low income group, and we are stepping up efforts in stimulating rural consumption, as well as promoting services-related consumption.
Specific measures includes: 1. raising the income of residents. In the 1st quarter of 2009, government life subsisting allowances for urban and rural low income residents grew by 48% and 130% respectively; 2. exploring rural consumption by giving subsides to farmers who have bought specific household appliances, automobiles or motorbikes; 3. promoting consumption of cars by lowering purchase tax for cars with 1.6-liter engine or below; encouraging services-related consumption, such as tourism, and culture events. In the 1st quarter of 2009, the number of Chinese having domestic and overseas trips reached 560 million and 12 million respectively, growing by 9.4% and 5% over the same period of last year. There are 30 million new mobile phone subscribers in China. Telephone users have exceeded 1 billion for the first time by the end of March.
Thirdly, consolidate and strengthen the position of agriculture as the foundation of the economy, and promote steady development of agriculture.
China feeds 20% of world population by less than 9% of world farmland. With bumper harvests for five consecutive years, China has ensured 1.3 billion people’s food security and also contributed a lot to the world food security. We will adjust the agriculture structure in a market-oriented manner and improve the quality and competitiveness of agricultural products. We will intensify efforts to develop rural infrastructure, including projects to provide safe drinking water, enhance power grids, roads, etc. We also accelerate development of rural secondary and tertiary industry. We will support development of rural processing industry and marketing of agricultural products.
Fourthly, accelerate transformation of growth pattern, and energetically promote strategic economic restructuring.
Emphasis will be given to implement plans for adjusting and invigorating ten industries from 2009 to 2011, namely, iron and steel, automobiles, shipbuilding, petrochemical, light industry, textile, non-ferrous metals, equipment manufacturing, electronics and information technology, and logistics. Aimed at solving pressing problems and increasing future development momentum, these plans encourage raising industrial concentration levels and technical levels of backbone enterprises. In order to promote development of emerging industries, the State Council of China approved policies to promote development of bio-industries on 13th of May. Currently, we are also formulating development plan for the new energy industry and vigorously promoting environmental friendly industries. Another priority is to promote innovation. This year, we will launch 16 key projects in the National Program for Long and Medium Term Scientific and Technological Development, including new generation broadband mobile communication, water pollution treatment, development of new medicines, and trunk line airplanes. The central government will allocate about 4.8 billion US dollars for these projects, 5 times that of last year. We also attach great importance to key energy-conserving and environmental protection projects. Within the above-mentioned 590 billion US dollars stimulus package, 31 billion US dollars will be used for projects of environment protection, emission reduction and ecological development.
Fifthly, deepen reform and opening up, and provide sustained driving force for development.
We will focus in the following four areas: 1st, improve the economic management roles of government, and further reduce items requiring administrative approvals; and make more sectors available for non-public investment; 2nd, move ahead with price reform for resource products. Let the market play a major role in allocating resources so as to promote resources conservation and environment protection; 3rd, carry forward reform of the fiscal and taxation systems, reform of the financial system and the state-owned enterprises; 4th, deepen the reform in foreign-related economic areas, and strive to construct a more open economic system conducive to mutual beneficial and win-win development. China will stand firm to oppose trade and investment protectionism. Stability of foreign trade will be achieved by a series of measures, such as encouraging import of advanced equipment, technology, raw materials and consumption goods, increasing loans and guarantees for imports and exports, and increasing tax rebates in line with international practices. We encourage foreign companies to invest in China in the industries like high-tech, advanced manufacturing, energy conservation, environmental protection, resources integrated utilization and modern services, etc. Meanwhile, we also encourage competent Chinese enterprises to “go global” by carrying out globalized operations through multiples ways of cooperation with foreign enterprises.
关于金融危机的英语作文
The term financial crisis is applied broadly to a variety of situations in which some financial institutions or assets suddenly lose a large part of their value. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, many financial crises were associated with banking panics, and many recessions coincided with these panics. Other situations that are often called financial crises include stock market crashes and the bursting of other financial bubbles, currency crises, and sovereign defaults.
Many economists have offered theories about how financial crises develop and how they could be prevented. There is little consensus, however, and financial crises are still a regular occurrence around the world.
The global financial crisis of 2008 is a major financial crisis, the worst of its kind since 1987, and which is ongoing as of mid-November 2008. It became prominently visible in September 2008 with the failure, merger or conservatorship of several large United States-based financial firms. The underlying causes leading to the crisis had been reported in business journals for many months before September, with commentary about the financial stability of leading U.S. and European investment banks, insurance firms and mortgage banks consequent to the subprime mortgage crisis.
Beginning with failures of large financial institutions in the United States, it rapidly evolved into a global crisis resulting in a number of European bank failures and declines in various stock indexes, and large reductions in the market value of equities (stock) and commodities worldwide. The crisis has led to a liquidity problem and the de-leveraging of financial institutions especially in the United States and Europe, which further accelerated the liquidity crisis. World political leaders and national ministers of finance and central bank directors have coordinated their efforts to reduce fears but the crisis is ongoing and continues to change, evolving at the close of October into a currency crisis with investors transferring vast capital resources into stronger currencies such as the yen, the dollar and the Swiss franc, leading many emergent economies to seek aid from the International Monetary Fund. The crisis was triggered by the subprime mortgage crisis and is an acute phase of the financial crisis of 2007–2008.